- 1095 A.D. Alexios I Komnenos, the Roman Emperor goes to Rome & asks the Pope (Pope Urban II) for help because he is getting hammered fighting the Seljuk Empire. The Seljuk Empire has been slowly advancing in Anatolia taking away land from the Romans - 01:00✝️- The Pope (Pope Urban II) decides that he does want to get involved - 01:20
- It's called THE GREAT SCHISM (East–West Schism) - 01:35
- 1095 A.D. right after the great schism all of a sudden the Orthodox Eastern Christianity is asking for help from Western Catholic Christianity & the Catholic Church agrees - 01:40- The Pope (Pope Urban II) calls for the Crusades. But nothing happens - 01:50
- The next year in 1096 A.D. a hermit gets up of everybody in France & goes, "We really ought to do what the Pope asked for. Let's do a Crusade & a Crusader Army forms & begins marching to go to Jerusalem & take it from the Seljuk Empire - 01:55
- At one point the Roman Empire owned Palestine & when they did, the Roman Empire by then was Christian did own Jerusalem. In a way centuries earlier there was a Christian rule over Jerusalem. So in the mind of the Crusaders they're taking it back for that purpose - 02:35
- They initiate the crusades in Germany. Most of the Crusaders in the original Crusaders are German & French - 02:55
- They initiate the Crusade in Germany by going up & down the Ryne River mascaraing Jews - 03:05- First Crusade captures Jerusalem 1099 A.D. They rule Jerusalem until right before the Third Crusade starts - 03:20
- The reason they lose Jerusalem is because they make a series of bad errors. They keep attacking the Muslims under the rule of the guy name Sala'huddin (Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub) - 03:35
- In 1187 A.D. Sala'huddin had had enough. He cause the Crusaders to fight a battle called the Battle of Hittin & he defeats the Crusader army & then he goes to Jerusalem & he forces the Crusaders to surrender in 1187 A.D. - 03:45- The Crusaders ruled Jerusalem for about 88 years - 04:00
- They ended up with Four States - 04:05
3. The county of Tripoli or Tarablus (Ṭarāblus or Ṭarābulus (Arabic: طرابلس) is the Arabic form of Tripoli (Greek: Τρίπολις), often transliterated into Turkish as Trablus).
4. The Kingdom of Jerusalem - 04:05
- 1187 A.D. The county of Edessa has already been conquered two rulers before before Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub, Imad al-Din Zengi had done it & then Nur al-Din Zengi takes control of it, solidifies it & finishes it off - 04:15
- So at that point they are down to Three Crusaders states - 04:30
- They're still at Three Crusaders states in 1187 A.D. it's just the Kingdom of Jerusalem has lost it's capital & lot a huge chunk of territory - 04:35
- Sala'huddin decides to try to finish off the Kingdom of Jerusalem. So he begins conquering more territory. Not just Jerusalem itself, he begins conquering surrounding cities. They are going one after the other. He gets to the coast & he starts capturing coastal cities - 04:50
- Sala'huddin puts the City of Tyre (Sur in Lebanon) under siege - 05:05
- 2355 years ago Alexander the Great captured the City of Tyre (Sur in Lebanon). City of Tyre (Sur in Lebanon) was an island on the coast of Lebanon that belonged to the Persian Empire. Alexander had some ships but he didn't have enough ships to take an island & the Persians had more ships so they could react quickly if he tried to go by sea. The City itself was completely walled off so it's an island with walls. So even he had ships that still didn't mean he could get into the city. So he made it not an island anymore & began dumping rock into the Mediterranean sea until they made a causeway that reach the island. That causeway never went away. So by the time Sala'huddin gets there, it's not an island anymore it's a peninsula & still today it's a peninsula. The causeway now extended to the point where it's now a part of the city. It's not even like a bridge anymore. It's just a massive chunk of land that's human made that's just connects this one time island back to the mainland. When Sala'huddin gets there though it was a lot narrow than it's today. So there is only one way to approach by land. So the only option he has to capture the City is to attack it by sea - 05:35
- The big problem that Sala'huddin has is in part because of his own policies. So when Sala'huddin captures a Crusader city including Jerusalem; what he would do with the prisoners was free them. They would then go somewhere; City of Tyre (Sur in Lebanon) is where they usually went. So by the time he gets to the city to take it, there is 40,000 Crusaders there. He only has an army of 20,000 men. Usually when defenders are in a city, they are outnumbered by the larger army outside. It's reversed. The army inside is twice the size of the army outside. That's never good for the attacker. And then he needs naval superiority. He has 10 Egyptian ships available for that. The Crusaders has 17. So he is even outnumbered in terms of naval support - 07:00
- The Crusaders launches a surprise raid on the 10 Egyptian ships. Sets 5 of them on fire. Sala'huddin now has 5 ships. So they're useless against 17 ships. Sala'huddin lost his naval support - 07:55
- It's the winter of 1187 A.D. when Sala'huddin laids siege to the city. Sala'huddin generals come to him & said, "We don't want to do this! We are done! We are tired. We have been fighting for months." Cause they just finished the siege of Jerusalem few monthsa earlier. They just done the battle of Hattin a few months before that. They've been on it for a long time. It's winter. It's cold. Armies are hard to maintain in the field. Sala'huddin is trying to convince his generals they need to stay. They say no! We're done! - 08:15
- Sala'huddin disbands half of the Army. Takes the remaining half of the army & goes up & down the coast capturing cities - 08:50
- By the time he is done capturing cities somewhere around 1189 A.D, he has captured all of them except four major cities - 08:55
- Sala'huddin didn't capture...
...The county of Tripoli or Tarablus (Ṭarāblus or Ṭarābulus (Arabic: طرابلس) is the Arabic form of Tripoli (Greek: Τρίπολις), often transliterated into Turkish as Trablus).
... Principality of Antioch or the territory surrounding Antioch or Antioch's port city, Seleucia Pieria - 09:05
- The Crusaders still have three Port Cities & then Antioch - 09:30
- The Pope, Pope Gregory VIII announces the Third Crusade - 09:50
- Armies coming from Europe to reinforce the Crusader states to prevent them from finally collapsing & they have the explicit goal of retaking Jerusalem - 09:55
- Sala'huddin captured captured Guy of Lusignan at the Battle of Hattin. Guy of Lusignan was the King of Kingdom of Jerusalem. He was married by Sibylla of Jerusalem, the real heir to the throne, for political reasons not because she loved him or something like that. At the end she regretted it because he was such an idiot - 10:10
- Sala'huddin has custody of Guy of Lusignan & he has been holding on to him for about two years. He had agreed to free him. He just hadn't got around to it because he was finishing up the Crusades. So, He goes to Guy & said, "Look, I'll make you a deal"
The reason why he wants to do this is because the guy who is running City of Tyre (Sur in Lebanon) is actually competent. His name is Conrad of Montferrat. He is a solid leader. He knows politics, economics & military strategy. He is dangerous - 10:50
- What Sala'huddin is thinking is, "If I release the King of Jerusalem, he would automatically be over Conrad & it will bring the quality of leadership down a notch - 11:30
- Sala'huddin goes to Guy of Lusignan & says, "I'll make you a deal. No more fighting. We would make peace like it is. You get to keep Tyre. Everything is gonna be great & I'll release you.
- 11:35
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